- Industry: Art history
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The Ancients was the name given to themselves by the group of disciples of William Blake that formed around him in London in the last years before his death in 1827. The implication of the name was that as the Industrial Revolution burgeoned they were looking back to a better age. Their leader was Samuel Palmer and the other chief figures were Edward Calvert and George Richmond. For a few years between 1826 and 1834 they gathered in the idyllic Kent village of Shoreham where Palmer owned a house. Their work expressed a mystical vision of nature, in Palmer's case deeply Christian, in Calvert's tinged with pagan delight in the erotic.
Industry:Art history
Sketching club formed by Dadd, Egg, Elmore, Frith, Henry O'Neill, and John Phillip about 1837 when all were students at the Royal Academy Schools in London. It was an informal society of friends without a specific aim other than to improve their work, although they favoured literary and historical subjects. Weekly meetings were held at which a subject was chosen and each made a monochrome sketch. A session of criticism followed and the best sketch of the evening chosen. In 1841 Dadd, Frith and Egg were also involved in an attempt to set up an exhibiting society for young artists in opposition to the Academy. They were dubbed 'the malcontents' by the painter WB Scott and nothing came of the scheme. In 1843 Dadd murdered his father and was incarcerated in Bethlem Hospital for the insane, and then Broadmoor, for the rest of his life. He continued to paint, producing some of the most extraordinary imaginative works in British art, including keynote Fairy painting.
Industry:Art history
Founded by Alfred Stieglitz in New York in 1902, The Photo-Secession was a group of American photographers who believed that photography was a fine art. The name was invented by Stieglitz as a way of affiliating the photographers with the modernist secession movements in Europe. The other members were Alvin Langdon Coburn, Gertrude Käsebier, Edward Steichen and Clarence H. White, who all placed great influence on fine photographic printing and used techniques to emulate paint and pastel. The results were printed in their magazine Camera Work that Stieglitz edited from 1903-7, and exhibited in their gallery, The Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, later known simply as 291.
Industry:Art history
In painting, tone refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a colour (see also Chiaroscuro). One colour can have an almost infinite number of different tones. Tone can also mean the colour itself. For example, when Van Gogh writes 'I exaggerate the fairness of the hair, I even get to orange tones, chromes and pale citron-yellow', he is referring to those colours at a particular tonal value. In his famous theory of painting, the French painter Georges Seurat describes how colour (teinte) and tone (ton) can be used to create particular emotional effects: 'Gaiety is obtained through the use of dominant luminosity in tone; of prevailing warmth in colour. ' The term seems to have come into widespread use with the rise of painting directly from nature in the nineteenth century, when artists became interested in identifying and reproducing the full range of tones to be found in a particular subject. This in turn led to an interest in colour for its own sake and in colour theory. However, tone is also a musical term and its use in relation to painting reflects the theory that painting can be like music, that became increasingly important from about 1870. From about that time the painter JAM Whistler, for example, made paintings using a very limited range of closely related tones of just one or two colours, and gave them musical titles. This kind of painting is known as tonal painting. In 1908, in his A Painter's Notes, Henri Matisse wrote: 'When I have found the relationship of all the tones the result must be a living harmony of all the tones, a harmony not unlike that of a musical composition. '
Industry:Art history
Italian Neo-Expressionist group. The term was coined by the critic Achille Oliva in his texts for an exhibition he organised in 1979 in Genanzzano titled Le Stanze. The leading Italian Transavanguardia artists were Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Enzo Cucchi, Nicolo de Maria and Mimmo Paladino.
Industry:Art history
A large-scale contemporary art exhibition that occurs every three years. Like a biennial it is often attached to a particular place and is typified by its national or international outlook. The Tate Triennial showcases new developments in British art and is always curated by a different person, often a director of another art institution. Other triennials include the Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art, which was established in 1993, is the only major international exhibition to focus on art from Asia, the Pacific and Australia.
Industry:Art history
triptych, is painting of three panels, from Greek ''ptychi'', =side, fold etc
Industry:Art history
Family name of dynasty that from 1485 to 1603 provided five British monarchs from Henry VII to Elizabeth I (Elizabethan). As cultural term tends most usually to refer specifically to reign of Henry VIII and his two immediate successors Edward VI and Mary I. Art in England during Henry's reign exemplified by Holbein who created iconic image of the King (National Portrait Gallery, London). Holbein had English follower, Bettes. Holbein succeeded by Scrots as court painter to Henry, and then Edward. Mary's court painter was Eworth, who remained active well into reign of Elizabeth and is now seen as a dominant figure of the time.
Industry:Art history
A style of painting developed in the 1970s that combined fine draughtsmanship with images that were considered ugly. These were rendered with a chilling photographic clarity designed to highlight the shallow and alienating brutality of the modern world. Many of the artists associated with the movement were originally members of the cooperative gallery Grossgörschen 35, founded in Berlin in 1964. Arguments between the group led to a split in 1966, and Ulrich Baehr, Charles Diehl, Wolfgang Petrick and Peter Sorge went on to start the Galerie Eva Poll, which became home to this new brand of Realism.
Industry:Art history
